Ways to categorize model trains
“Model train types” can mean several things. Trains are usually sorted by size, by how they are controlled, by the kind of real train they copy, and by whether they are toys or scale models. Knowing which category matters to you narrows the field fast.
By size
Model trains come in sizes from very small Z scale to large garden G scale. HO and N are the most common choices for indoor layouts, O suits larger and sturdier models, and G works outdoors. Ratios, track widths and the pros and cons of each are covered in model train scale sizes explained. If you are curious about the big end of the range, see the largest model train gauge.
By control system
- Analog DC: Speed and direction depend on the voltage sent through the rails. It is simple and inexpensive, and common in two-rail HO and N.
- DCC (Digital Command Control): The track carries constant power plus digital signals, and each locomotive has a decoder, so several locomotives can be controlled independently on the same track. Many decoders support sound and lighting.
- Three-rail AC: Used by many traditional O gauge toy-style systems from makers such as Lionel and MTH. Many also have their own command systems.
- Battery and radio control: Common in garden railways, where track can be dirty or exposed to weather.
- Live steam: Real steam-powered models, found mostly in large scales and aimed at experienced hobbyists.
If wiring is a concern, our wiring diagrams for DC and DCC layouts are a good place to start; learn the basics before buying, since not every locomotive works with every system.
By prototype
Model trains copy real trains, so they are also grouped by type of locomotive and era:
- Steam locomotives, from small switchers to large main-line engines.
- Diesel-electric locomotives, the most common in North American modeling of the last several decades.
- Electric locomotives and multiple units, including streamlined passenger trains.
- Rolling stock: freight cars, passenger cars, cabooses and maintenance-of-way equipment.
Many modelers choose a railroad, region and era, then buy within that.
Toy trains vs scale models
Toy-style trains often prioritize durability, play value and ease of use. They may be sized loosely and use three-rail track. Scale models aim for accurate proportions and details and tend to use two-rail track. There is overlap, and many people enjoy both. Some collectors focus on vintage toy trains, while others build realistic layouts.
Ready-to-run, kits and scratchbuilding
- Ready-to-run (RTR): Comes assembled and often works out of the box. This is the most common path today.
- Kits: Range from simple snap-together to detailed craftsman kits that need painting and assembly.
- Scratchbuilding: Making models from raw materials for subjects that are not available commercially.
Popular brands
Brand lineups change, and availability depends on country and scale, so treat this as a starting list rather than a ranking.
- HO and N in North America: Athearn, Atlas, Bachmann, Kato, Walthers, Rapido, Broadway Limited Imports and others.
- Europe: Märklin, Roco, Fleischmann, Piko, Arnold and others. Hornby is well known in Britain.
- Traditional O gauge toy trains: Lionel and MTH.
- Garden railways: LGB is a well-known name in large scale.
Checking recent reviews and user forums can help confirm what is currently in production and how particular models perform.
Famous trains people model
Popular modeling subjects often include well-known real trains, such as the Orient Express, the Flying Scotsman, the Union Pacific Big Boy, Japan’s Shinkansen and the Santa Fe Super Chief. Which ones appeal depends on your region and interests, and there is no official top 10.
Where to start
- Choose a scale that suits your space and goals.
- Decide whether you want a toy-style or scale-model approach.
- Pick a control system, and keep to it.
- Start with a starter set or a few ready-to-run pieces from a mainstream brand.
For the story behind the most popular scale, see the history of HO scale model trains.